Abstract Many people use medicinal plants to relieve disorders related to the central nervous system, such as depression, epilepsy, anxiety and pain, even though the effectiveness of most of them has not yet been proven through scientific studies. Plants of the Lippia genus, Verbenaceae, are widely used in ethnobotany as a food, for seasoning and in antiseptic remedies. They are also marketed and used for the treatment of different types of pain, including stomach ache, abdominal pain and headache, as well as being used as sedatives, anxiolytics and anticonvulsants. Despite their widespread use, there are no reviews on the central nervous system profile of plants of this genus. Therefore, the databases Medline-PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science were searched using the terms Lippia and biologic activity. Thirty-five papers were found. Eleven species of Lippia showed central nervous system activity, with leaves and the aerial parts of plants being the most commonly used, especially in aqueous and ethanol extracts or volatile oil. The species are composed mainly of terpenoids and phenylpropanoids, including polyketides, flavonoids and in less quantity some alkaloids. Although several species of Lippia present analgesic activity, most studies have not explored the mechanisms responsible for this effect, however, there is some evidence that volatile oils and constituents of the extracts may be responsible for the relief of some CNS disorders, but the effects on pain modulation seem to be the most exploited so far.

ABSTRACT This paper reports the first study of the variation of the chemical composition and abundance of the essential oil of Croton heliotropiifolius, in four seasons, and the evaluation of its antibacterial activity. Essential oil obtained from leaves of C. heliotropiifolius were analyzed by GC/MS and evaluated against eight bacteria strains by broth microdilution method. The chemical constituents identified were the same in all samples, but with different proportions. The total percentages identified were 96.58% in summer, 92.08% in autumn, 98.44% in winter and 90.78% in spring. The majors constituents are β-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene, germacrene-D, limonene and 1,8-cineole. β-Caryophyllene was the major compound in all samples. The results of the antibacterial evaluations showed weak to moderate activity against the analyzed strains. In all analyzes was observed that essential oil sample collected in summer stands out from the others, displaying stronger activity against Gram-positive as Gram-negative bacteria.

Alecrim-de-tabuleiro (Lippia origanoides) é arbusto aromático medicinal promissor, porém com poucos estudos sobre propagação e cultivo. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência de diferentes substratos e concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) na propagação de alecrim-de-tabuleiro por estacas apicais. As concentrações testadas foram 0; 62,5; 125; 250 e 500 mg/L e os substratos utilizados consistiram em Biomix(r) (substrato comercial), vermiculita expandida e a mistura de Biomix + vermiculita expandida (1:1). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas, tendo substratos como parcelas e concentrações de AIB como subparcelas. O enraizamento das estacas ocorreu independentemente da aplicação exógena de AIB e do tipo de substrato. A mistura de Biomix e vermiculita expandida (1:1) promoveu maior produção de folhas, raízes e de massa seca. A aplicação de pequenas doses de AIB melhorou o crescimento das mudas. É possível a produção de mudas de alecrim-de-tabuleiro por estaquia a partir de segmentos apicais. O cultivo em substrato constituído por mistura de Biomix e vermiculita expandida (1:1) proporciona maior desenvolvimento radicular e melhor crescimento inicial das brotações, sendo o substrato mais recomendável para a propagação dessa espécie.

Lippia origanoides (alecrim-de-tabuleiro) is a promising medicinal aromatic shrub, no studies are available about propagation and cultivation. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of different substrates and indolbutiric acid (IBA) levels on the propagation of apical cuttings of this species. Five IBA levels (0; 62.5; 125; 250 and 500 mg/L) and three substrates were evaluated: Biomix(r) (commercial substrate); expanded vermiculite and Biomix + expanded vermiculite (1:1). Experimental design was completely randomized in split plots, with substrates as plots and IBA levels as subplots. Rooting occurred independently of the exogenous application of IBA and the type of substrate. The Biomix and expanded vermiculite (1:1) mix showed higher production of leaves, roots and dry weight. The application of small doses of IBA improved growth of seedlings. It is possible to produce alecrim-de-tabuleiro seedlings using apical cuttings. Apical cutting cultivation on Biomix and expanded vermiculite (1:1) mix promoted better root development and early shoots growth and was the most recommended substrate for the propagation of this species.

OBJETIVO: Estimar o custo anual do manejo da doença arterial coronária (DAC) em valores do SUS e convênios. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte, incluindo pacientes ambulatoriais com DAC comprovada. Considerou-se para estimar custos diretos: consultas, exames, procedimentos, internações e medicamentos. Valores de consultas e exames foram obtidos da tabela SUS e da Lista de Procedimentos Médicos (LPM). Valores de eventos cardiovasculares foram obtidos de internações em hospital público e privado com estas classificações diagnósticas em 2002. O preço dos fármacos utilizado foi o de menor custo no mercado. RESULTADOS: Os 147 pacientes (65±12 anos, 63% homens, 69% hipertensos, 35% diabéticos e 59% com IAM prévio) tiveram acompanhamento médio de 24±8 meses. O custo anual médio estimado por paciente foi de R$ 2.733,00, pelo SUS, e R$ 6.788,00, para convênios. O gasto com medicamentos ($ 1.154,00) representou 80% e 55% dos custos ambulatoriais, e 41% e 17% dos gastos totais, pelo SUS e para convênios, respectivamente. A ocorrência de evento cardiovascular teve grande impacto (R$ 4.626,00 vs. R$ 1.312,00, pelo SUS, e R$ 13.453,00 vs. R$ 1.789,00, para convênios, p<0,01). CONCLUSÃO: O custo médio anual do manejo da DAC foi elevado, sendo o tratamento farmacológico o principal determinante dos custos públicos. Essas estimativas podem subsidiar análises econômicas nesta área, sendo úteis para nortear políticas de saúde pública.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the annual cost of coronary artery disease (CAD) management in Public Health Care System (SUS) and HMOs values in Brazil. METHODS: Cohort study, including ambulatory patients with proven CAD. Clinic visits, exams, procedures, hospitalizations and medications were considered to estimate direct costs. Values of appointments and exams were obtained from the SUS and the Medical Procedure List (LPM 1999) reimbursement tables. Costs of cardiovascular events were obtained from admissions in public and private hospitals with similar diagnoses-related group classifications in 2002. The price of medications used was the lowest found in the market. RESULTS: The 147 patients (65±12 years old, 63% men, 69% hypertensive, 35% diabetic and 59% with previous AMI) had an average follow-up of 24±8 months. The average estimated annual cost per patient was R$ 2,733.00, for the public sector, and R$ 6,788.00, for private and fee-for-service plans. Expenses with medications (R$ 1,154.00) represented 80% and 55% of outpatient costs, and 41% and 17% of total expenses, in public and non-public sectors, respectively. The occurrence of cardiovascular event had a great impact (R$ 4,626.00 vs. R$ 1,312.00, in SUS, and R$ 13,453.00 vs. R$ 1,789.00, for HMOs, p<0.01) on the results. CONCLUSION: The average annual cost of CAD management was high, being the pharmacological treatment the main determinant of public costs. Such estimates may subsidize economical analyses in this area, and foster related healthcare policies.